Basic types

The abstract supertype of values indicating exceptional conditions. An exception may be raised using the `throw` statement, and handled using the `catch` clause of the `try` statement. An instance of `Throwable` may be passed from `throw` to `catch`.

    void tryToDoIt() {
        if (canDoIt()) {
            doIt();
        }
        else {
            throw CantDoIt(); //the Throwable
        }
    }

    try {
        tryToDoIt();
    }
    catch (CantDoIt e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }

An instance of `Throwable` represents a problem, typically an unexpected failure. Either:

- a unrecoverable error in the program, especially an `AssertionError`, or
- a transient, and possibly-recoverable `Exception`.

The use of the exceptions facility to manage expected failures, that is, failures that are usually handled by the immediate caller of an operation, is discouraged. Instead, the failure should be represented as a return value of the operation being called.

For example, nonexistence of a file should not result in an exception. Instead, an `openFile()` operation should return the type `File?`, where a `null` return value indicates nonexistence. On the other hand, failure to read from an already open file could result in an `Exception`.

By: Gavin, Tom

- `Anything`
  - `Object`
    - `Basic` ...and other supertypes
      - `Throwable`

- `Throwable`
  - `Basic`
    - `Identifiable`
    - `Object`
      - `Anything`

- `Throwable`
  - `AssertionError`
    - `InitializationError`
  - `Exception`
    - `DeserializationException`
    - `IncompatibleTypeException`
    - `InvocationException`
    - `MutationException`
    - `OverflowException`
    - `SerializationException`
    - `StorageException`
    - `TypeApplicationException`

Initializer
`Throwable(String? description = null, Throwable? cause = null)` Parameters: `description = null` A description of the problem. `cause = null` The underlying cause of this exception.

Attributes
`cause` | Source Code `shared Throwable? cause` The underlying cause of this exception.
`message` | Source Code `shared default String message` A message describing the problem. This default implementation returns the description, if any, or otherwise the message of the cause, if any. See also `cause`
`string` | Source Code `shared actual default String string` A developer-friendly string representing the instance. Concatenates the name of the concrete class of the instance with the `hash` of the instance. Subclasses are encouraged to refine this implementation to produce a more meaningful representation. Refines `Object.string`
`suppressed` | Source Code `shared Throwable[] suppressed` The exceptions that were suppressed in order to propagate this exception.

Inherited Attributes
Attributes inherited from: `Object` `hash`, `string`

Methods
`addSuppressed` | Source Code `shared void addSuppressed(Throwable suppressed)` The given exception was suppressed in order to propagate this exception.
`printStackTrace` | Source Code `shared void printStackTrace()` Print the stack trace to the standard error of the virtual machine process. See also `printTrace()`

Inherited Methods
Methods inherited from: `Object` `equals()`